Waterhouse Corporation
Water Filtration Softening and Treatment
Deltona, FL 32738
United States
ph: 407-509-9658
richard
Reversible carbonate reactions that alter alkalinity and pH can be forced to the right by the use of particle collision precipitation (PCP). A PCP device provides the power for high energy particle collisions. The PCP device can be installed on piping from 1" to 36" in diameter.:
1. Ca(HCO3)2(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + CaCO3(s)
2. H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)
3. H2CO3(aq) CO2(aq) + H2O(l)
4. CO2(aq) CO2(g)
Le Chatelier's principle can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. The principle is named after Henry Le Chatelier. It can be summarized as:
If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or partial pressure, then the equilibrium shifts to counteract the imposed change and a new equilibrium is established.
It is common to take Le Chatelier's principle to be a more general observation, roughly stated:
Any change in status quo prompts an opposing reaction in the responding system.
The principle is used to manipulate the outcomes of reversible reactions, often to increase the yeild of reactions toward a desired product.
Collision theory, developed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916, explains why reaction rates differ for different reactions.
For a reaction to occur the reactant particles must collide. Only a fraction of the total collisions cause chemical change; these are called successful collisions.
The successful collisions have sufficient energy (activation energy) at the moment of impact to break the existing bonds and form new bonds, resulting in the products of the reaction. This energy can come from heat or pulsed elecromagnetic force.
Increasing the concentration of the reactants, increasing the available energy, or raising the temperature brings about more collisions and therefore more successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction.
NOTE: if one component is continuously removed from the solution, a reaction can be driven continuously in one direction.
Waterhouse Corporation
Water Filtration Softening and Treatment
Deltona, FL 32738
United States
ph: 407-509-9658
richard